Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with variable bit loading and time and/or frequency interleaving

ABSTRACT

A communication device is configured to perform processing of one or more bits to generate a modulation symbol sequence based on one or more profiles that specify variable bit loading of bits per symbol over at least some of the modulation symbols of the modulation symbol sequence. The communication device is also configured to perform interleaving of the modulation symbol sequence to generate OFDM symbol(s). Some modulation symbols within the modulation symbol sequence that are separated by an interleaver depth may be transmitted via adjacently located sub-carriers, while other modulation symbols within the modulation sequence that are separated by more than the interleaver depth may also be transmitted via adjacently located sub-carriers. A communication device may be configured to adapt and switch between different operational parameters used for bit loading, interleaving and/or deinterleaving at different times based on any desired considerations.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS ProvisionalPriority Claims

The present U.S. Utility Patent Application claims priority pursuant to35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applicationswhich are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety andmade part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for allpurposes:

1. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/737,710, entitled“Interleaving with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM),”filed Dec. 14, 2012, pending.

2. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/738,382, entitled “Variablebit loading,” filed Dec. 17, 2012, pending.

3. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/767,738, entitled“Systematic/random time-frequency interleaving for orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) modulation,” filed Feb. 21, 2013, pending.

4. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/910,335, entitled“Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) interleaving,” filedNov. 30, 2013, pending.

5. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/910,334, entitled“Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with variable bitloading and time and/or frequency interleaving,” filed Nov. 30, 2013,pending.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems; and,more particularly, to variable bit loading and interleaving of signalsto be communicated within such communication systems.

2. Description of Related Art

Data communication systems have been under continual development formany years. The primary goal within such communication systems is totransmit information successfully between devices. Unfortunately, manythings can deleteriously affect signals transmitted within such systemsresulting in degradation of or even complete failure of communication.Examples of such adverse effects include interference and noise that maybe caused by a variety of sources including other transmissions made byother communication devices, low-quality communication links, degradedor corrupted interfaces and connectors, etc.

Present technologies do not provide adequate means to eliminate orreduce the effects of such interference and noise that can adverselyaffect communications between communication devices in communicationsystems. As such adverse effects may be effectively reduced or eveneliminated, a greater amount of information may be successfullytransmitted between devices within a given time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of one or morecommunication systems.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of one or morecommunication systems.

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating at least one communication deviceoperative within one or more communication systems.

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating an example of generation of amodulation symbol sequence using one or more bits.

FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating another example of generation of amodulation symbol sequence using one or more bits.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating an example of profile governedcommunications.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating another example of profile governedcommunications.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating an example of orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency divisionmultiple access (OFDMA).

FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.

FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example of convolutionalinterleaving and deinterleaving.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating an example of interleaving anddeinterleaving of OFDM and/or OFDMA symbols.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating an example of time and/or frequencyinterleaving to generate OFDM or OFDMA symbols.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating an example of channel processing fortime and/or frequency interleaving to generate OFDM or OFDMA symbols.

FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating another example of time and/orfrequency interleaving using an interleaver depth of 4 and 4 channels togenerate OFDM or OFDMA symbols.

FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating an example of channel processing using4 channels for time and/or frequency interleaving to generate OFDM orOFDMA symbols.

FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method forexecution by one or more communication devices.

FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method forexecution by one or more communication devices.

FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method forexecution by one or more communication devices.

FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method forexecution by one or more communication devices.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment 100 of one or morecommunication systems. One or more network segments 190 providecommunication inter-connectivity for at least two communication devices110 and 120. Generally speaking, any desired number of communicationdevices are included within one or more communication systems (e.g., asshown by communication device 130). Some or all the variouscommunication devices 110-130 include capability to operate to performprocessing of modulation symbols to generate orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency divisionmultiple access (OFDMA) symbols. As described below, OFDMA is related toand is a multi-user version of OFDM.

The various communication links within the one or more network segments190 may be implemented using any of a variety of communication mediaincluding communication links implemented as wireless, wired, optical(including fiber-optic), satellite, microwave, etc. communication links.Also, in some instances, communication links of different types maycooperatively form a connection pathway between any two communicationdevices. Considering one possible example, a communication pathwaybetween devices 110 and 120 may include some segments of wiredcommunication links and other segments of optical communication links.Note also that the devices 110-130 may be of a variety of types ofdevices including stationary devices, mobile devices, portable devices,etc. and may support communications for any of a number of services orservice flows including data, telephony, television, Internet, media,synchronization, etc.

When device 110 is in communication with device 120, one or more thecommunication links between devices 110 and 120 may be adverselyaffected by one or more noise sources (e.g., interference, backgroundnoise, burst noise, impulse noise, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN),etc.). Communications adversely affected by noise may experience areduction in signal quality or even a loss of one or more portions ofone or more signals transmitted between the communication devices 110and 120. A device receiving such communications may have difficulty orinability to process the communications properly to recover informationtherein. As shown at the bottom left and bottom right of the diagram, asignal may be adversely affected by a noise event such that the signalis degraded or lost over a period of time (ΔT) or over a range offrequency (ΔF). The noise event may occur only over a particular periodof time and/or may be localized and frequency such that only a certainone or more sub-carriers are deleteriously affected. Note also thatnoise events may affect more than one period of time (e.g., ΔT1, ΔT2,and so on) and/or affect more than one range of frequency (e.g., ΔF1,ΔF2, and so on).

In an example of operation, device 110 includes a communicationinterface to support communications with one or more of the otherdevices 120-130. This communication may be bidirectional/to and from theone or more of the other devices 120-130 or unidirectional (or primarilyunidirectional) from the one or more of the other devices 120-130.

Device 110 includes a processor configured to process or more bits togenerate a modulation symbol sequence based on one or more profiles thatspecify variable bit loading of bits per symbol over at least some ofthe modulation symbols. Any one or more considerations may be used forprofile selection. For example, a profile may be selected based on oneor more characteristics of a communication pathway between device 110and device 120 and/or 130. Examples of such characteristics may includesignal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR),noise, interference, maximum and/or minimum supported bit or symbolrate, prior, current, and/or future expected operational history of thecommunication pathway, the type of communication media of the pathway(e.g., wired, wireless, optical, and/or combination thereof), etc.and/or other characteristics. The processor of device 110 may also beconfigured to interleave the modulation symbol sequence to generate oneor more OFDM symbols. An OFDM symbol includes some modulation symbols inadjacently located sub-carriers that are separated by an interleaverdepth within the modulation symbol sequence and also includes somemodulation symbols in adjacently located sub-carriers that are separatedby more than the interleaver depth and less than twice the interleaverdepth within the modulation symbol sequence. Device 110 generates theone or more OFDM symbols such that there some of the adjacently locatedsub-carriers include modulation symbols from the modulation symbolsequence that are separated by the interleaver depth and other of theadjacently located sub-carriers include modulation symbols from themodulation symbol sequence that are separated by a different (e.g.,greater) distance within the modulation symbol sequence. Device 110 mayperform time and/or frequency interleaving of the modulation symbolsequence to generate the one or more OFDM symbols. Note also that areceiving device, such as device 120, may perform time and/or frequencydeinterleaving of one or more OFDM symbols received from a transmittingdevice, such as device 110. Device 110 may also perform time and/orfrequency deinterleaving of one or more OFDM symbols received fromdevice 120.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment 200 of one or morecommunication systems. A cable headend transmitter 230 provides serviceto a set-top box (STB) 220 via cable network segment 298. The STB 220provides output to a display capable device 210. The cable headendtransmitter 230 can support any of a number of service flows such asaudio, video, local access channels, as well as any other service ofcable systems. For example, the cable headend transmitter 230 canprovide media (e.g., video and/or audio) to the display capable device.

The cable headend transmitter 230 may provide operation of a cable modemtermination system (CMTS) 240 a. For example, the cable headendtransmitter 230 may perform such CMTS functionality, or a CMTS may beimplemented separately from the cable headend transmitter 230 (e.g., asshown by reference numeral 240). The CMTS 240 can provide networkservice (e.g., Internet, other network access, etc.) to any number ofcable modems (shown as CM 1, CM 2, and up to CM n) via a cable modem(CM) network segment 299. The cable network segment 298 and the CMnetwork segment 299 may be part of a common network or common networks.The cable modem network segment 299 couples the cable modems 1-n to theCMTS (shown as 240 or 240 a). Such a cable system (e.g., cable networksegment 298 and/or CM network segment 299) may generally be referred toas a cable plant and may be implemented, at least in part, as a hybridfiber-coaxial (HFC) network (e.g., including various wired and/oroptical fiber communication segments, light sources, light or photodetection complements, etc.).

A CMTS 240 (or 240 a) is a component that exchanges digital signals withcable modems 1-n on the cable modem network segment 299. Each of thecable modems is coupled to the cable modem network segment 299, and anumber of elements may be included within the cable modem networksegment 299. For example, routers, splitters, couplers, relays, andamplifiers may be contained within the cable modem network segment 299.Generally speaking, downstream information may be viewed as that whichflows from the CMTS 240 to the connected cable modems (e.g., CM 1, CM2,etc.), and upstream information as that which flows from the cablemodems to the CMTS 240.

Any of the various communication devices within the embodiment 200 maybe configured to include a processor configured to process or more bitsto generate a modulation symbol sequence based on one or more profilesthat specify variable bit loading of bits per symbol over at least someof the modulation symbols. Any of the various communication deviceswithin the embodiment 200 may also be configured to include a processorthat operates on a modulation symbol sequence to generate one or moreOFDM symbols. The modulation symbols within adjacently locatedsub-carriers of an OFDM symbol are separated by an interleaver depth ormore than an interleaver depth within the modulation symbol sequence. Asan example, the modulation symbol sequence includes first and secondmodulation symbols that are separated by the interleaver depth and thirdand fourth modulation symbols that are separated by more than theinterleaver depth and less than twice the interleaver depth. In an OFDMsymbol, the first and second modulation symbols as well as the third andfourth mileage and symbols are transmitted via adjacently locatedsub-carriers, and the third and fourth modulation symbols are alsotransmitted via adjacently located sub-carriers. In one implementation,the first and second modulation symbols as well as the third and fourthmileage and symbols are transmitted via first adjacently locatedsub-carriers (e.g., first and second sub-carriers), and the third andfourth modulation symbols are transmitted via second adjacently locatedsub-carriers (e.g., third and fourth sub-carriers). Any of the variouscommunication devices within the embodiment 200 may be configured toinclude a processor to perform time and/or frequency interleaving and/ordeinterleaving to generate one or more OFDM symbols for transmissionand/or process one or more received OFDM symbols.

FIG. 3A is a diagram 301 illustrating at least one communication device110 operative within one or more communication systems. The device 110includes a communication interface 320 and a processor 330. Thecommunication interface 320 includes functionality of a transmitter 322and the receiver 324 to support communications with one or more otherdevices within a communication system (e.g., communication device 120).The device 110 may also include memory 340 to store informationincluding signals and/or information generated by the device 110 orother signals and/or information received from other devices via one ormore communication channels. Memory 340 may also include and storevarious operational instructions for use by the processor 330 in regardsto performing time and/or frequency interleaving and/or deinterleavingto generate and process OFDM symbols.

The communication interface 320 is configured to support communicationsto and from one or more other devices (e.g., communication device 120).When a signal is transmitted between devices 110 and 120, any number ofnoise sources may adversely affect that signal. Such noise may be causedby any one or more of interference, background noise, burst noise,impulse noise, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), etc. In an OFDMbased communication system, there may be certain types of noise whoselocations in frequency may be identified. Also, there may be certaintypes of noise that occur only at particular times more or forparticular time durations. Device 110 may be configured to perform timeand/or frequency interleaving and/or deinterleaving to generate andprocess OFDM symbols to reduce the adverse effects of such noise events.When several successive modulation symbols or sub-carriers of a signalare adversely affected by noise during transmission via a communicationpathway, a receiving device may have difficulty or be unable to performdemodulation and/or decoding of that signal. Interleaving can reduce thelikelihood that a significant number of contiguous modulation symbols orsub-carriers are adversely affected during transmission via anoise-affected communication pathway.

The processor 330 may be configured to process or more bits to generatea modulation symbol sequence based on one or more profiles that specifyvariable bit loading of bits per symbol over at least some of themodulation symbols. A profile may include one or more operationalparameters for use in supporting communications between devices.Examples of such operational parameters may include modulation codingset (MCS) (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 8 phase shiftkeying (PSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32 amplitude andphase shift keying (APSK), and/or different types of MCS, etc.), forwarderror correction (FEC) and/or error correction code (ECC) (e.g., turbocode, convolutional code, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), lowdensity parity check (LDPC) code, Reed-Solomon (RS) code, BCH (Bose andRay-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code, etc.)), a number of bits persymbol, a number of bits per symbol per sub-carrier, sub-carriermapping, interleaving parameters (such as interleaver depth, number ofsub-carriers, sub-carrier interleaving, etc.), etc.

Note also that a communication device as described herein may beimplemented to support multi-profile communications adaptively based onone or more considerations. For example, a device may operate using afirst mode at one time, and the device may operate using a second modeat a second time. Also, a device may operate using a first profile atone time, and the device may operate using a second profile the secondtime. The device may adapt and switch between operational modes,profiles, etc. based on one or more considerations that may includelocal considerations, communication pathway considerations, remoteconsiderations, etc. For example, a device may select profile forcommunications to a recipient device based on prior, current, or futureexpected operational history of one or more of the device, the recipientdevice, the communication pathway between the devices, etc. As one ormore operational conditions change, the device may select anotherprofile for communication to the recipient device. The device mayperform such adaptation in response to a change of an operationalcondition (e.g., when such a change is detected or occurs).Alternatively, the device may perform such adaptation at certain timeswhen status of one or more operational conditions is checked, and alsowhen a change of such an operational condition is detected.

As shown and described with reference to FIG. 1, a signal may beadversely-affected by noise over one or more durations of time and/orone or more frequency ranges. A transmitting device, such as device 110,may be configured to process modulation symbols (e.g., a modulationsymbol sequence) using time and/or frequency interleaving to generate anOFDM symbol to be transmitted to a receiving device, such as device 120.Such time and/or frequency interleaving can reduce, mitigate, and/oreliminate adverse effects on successive modulation symbols within themodulation symbol sequence. Certain modulation symbols from themodulation symbol sequence, which are included within adjacently locatedsub-carriers of an OFDM symbol, are separated by an interleaver depth,and other modulation symbols from the modulation symbol sequence, whichare included within adjacently located sub-carriers of the OFDM symbol,are separated by more than the interleaver depth and less than twice theinterleaver depth. Different modulation symbols that are transmitted viaadjacently located sub-carriers of the OFDM symbol may be separated bydifferent amounts within the modulation symbol sequence (e.g., theinterleaver depth or more than the interleaver depth and less than twicethe interleaver depth).

The processor 330 may be configured to receive a modulation symbolsequence that includes first, second, third, and fourth modulationsymbols. The first and second modulation symbols are separated by aninterleaver depth within the modulation symbol sequence, and the thirdand fourth modulation symbols are separated by more than the interleaverdepth and less than twice the interleaver depth within the modulationsymbol sequence. Note that the first and second modulation symbols arenot necessarily successive symbols within the modulation symbolsequence, and the third and fourth modulation symbols are notnecessarily successive symbols within the modulation symbol sequence.The processor 330 may also be configured to interleave the modulationsymbol sequence to generate an OFDM symbol that includes the firstmodulation symbol within a first sub-carrier, the second modulationsymbol within a second sub-carrier that is located adjacently to thefirst sub-carrier, the third modulation symbol within a thirdsub-carrier, and the fourth modulation symbol within a fourthsub-carrier that is located adjacently to the third sub-carrier. TheOFDM symbol includes some modulation symbols from the modulation symbolsequence within adjacently located sub-carriers that are separated bythe interleaver depth and other modulation symbols from the modulationsymbol sequence within adjacently located sub-carriers that areseparated by more than the interleaver depth and less than twice theinterleaver depth.

Note also that processor 330 may be configured to generate themodulation symbol sequence. For example, processor 330 may be configuredperform grouping of bits into symbol labels, symbol mapping of thesymbol labels to one or more modulations (e.g., a modulation including anumber of constellation points each having a unique bit or symbollabel). Also, note that the processor 330 may be configured to performencoding of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits used togenerate the modulation symbol sequence. For example, the processor 330may be configured to perform forward error correction (FEC) and/or errorcorrection code (ECC) of one or more bits to generate one or more codedbits. Examples of FEC and/or ECC may include turbo code, convolutionalcode, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), low density parity check(LDPC) code, Reed-Solomon (RS) code, BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, andHocquenghem) code, etc.

Note also that the processor 330 may be configured to performinterleaving and/or deinterleaving adaptively based on the number ofconsiderations. The processor 330 may be configured to adapt and switchbetween different operational parameters used for interleaving and/ordeinterleaving based on one or more considerations that may includelocal considerations, communication pathway considerations, remoteconsiderations, etc. For example, a device may select a first one ormore operational parameters for interleaving of communications to arecipient device based on prior, current, or future expected operationalhistory of one or more of the device, the recipient device, thecommunication pathway between the devices, etc. As one or moreoperational conditions change, such as determined based on monitoring,comparison, etc., the processor 330 may select second one or moreoperational parameters for interleaving of communications forcommunication to a recipient device. The device may perform suchadaptation in response to a change of an operational condition (e.g.,when such a change is detected or occurs). Alternatively, the device mayperform such adaptation at certain times when status of one or moreoperational conditions is checked, and also when a change of such anoperational condition is detected.

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating an example 302 of generation of amodulation symbol sequence using one or more bits. The processor 330 ofdevice 110 may be configured to generate a modulation symbol sequence360 using one or more bits and/or one or more bits sequences composed ofis and Os, as shown by reference numeral 350. The processor may beforeencoding (e.g., using an ECC and/or FEC) and symbol mapping (e.g., usingone or more modulation coding techniques) to generate the modulationsymbols of the modulation symbol sequence 360. Examples of suchmodulation coding techniques may include binary phase shift keying(BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-phase shift keying(PSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32 amplitude and phaseshift keying (APSK), etc., uncoded modulation, and/or any other desiredtypes of modulation including higher ordered modulations that mayinclude even greater number of constellation points (e.g., 1024 QAM,etc.).

The modulation symbol sequence 360 includes first and second modulationsymbols (shown as modulation symbol 1 and X) that are separated by aninterleaver depth, and the modulation symbol sequence 360 also includesthird and fourth modulation symbols (shows as modulation symbols Y andZ+1) that are separated by more than the interleaver depth and less thantwice the interleaver depth. Modulation symbol 1 gets included within afirst sub-carrier of an OFDM symbol, and modulation symbol X getsincluded within a second sub-carrier of the OFDM that is adjacentlylocated to the first sub-carrier. Modulation symbol Y gets includedwithin a third sub-carrier of the OFDM symbol, and modulation symbol Z+1gets included within a fourth sub-carrier of the OFDM that is adjacentlylocated to the third sub-carrier.

The different modulation symbols within the modulation symbol sequence360 have variable bit loading of bits per symbol over at least some ofthe modulation symbols therein. For example, a first modulation symbolwithin the modulation sequence may have a first number of bits, and asecond modulation symbol within the modulation sequence may have asecond number of bits. In general, the modulation symbol sequence 360may include modulation symbols having different numbers of bits persymbol. The allocation of bit loading among the modulation symbols maybe profile based. For example, a first profile may specify that allmodulation symbols within modulation symbol sequence 360 will have asame number of bits per symbol. A second profile may specify that afirst subset of the modulation symbols within modulation symbol sequence360 will have a first number of bits per symbol and a second subset ofthe modulation symbols within modulation symbol sequence 360 will have asecond number of bits per symbol.

When the modulation symbol sequence 360 includes two or more subsets ofmodulation symbols having different numbers of bits per symbol, aprofile may also specify whether or not those subsets of modulationsymbols are contiguous (e.g., modulation symbols 1 through X each havinga first number of bits per symbol, and modulation symbols X+1 throughthe end of the modulation symbol sequence 360 having a second number ofbits per symbol) or noncontiguous such that modulation symbols havingdifferent numbers of bits per symbol are interspersed and intermingledamong the modulation symbol sequence. In general, any desired number ofdifferent subsets or subsequences of modulation symbols having variablebit loading of bits per symbol may be included within modulation symbolsequence 360.

Also, the modulation symbols may be associated with one or moremodulations (e.g., a modulation includes a constellation with aparticular mapping of the constellation points therein such that eachconstellation point has a unique symbol label). As an example,modulation symbol 1 may include a first number of bits per symbol and beassociated with a first modulation, and modulation symbol 2 may includea second number of bits per symbol and be associated with a secondmodulation. The modulation symbol sequence may be composed of modulationsymbols having different numbers of bits per symbol, being associatedwith different modulations.

FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating another example 303 of generation of amodulation symbol sequence using one or more bits. In example 303,modulation symbol sequence 360 includes first and second modulationsymbols (shown as modulation symbol 1 and X) that are separated by aninterleaver depth, and the modulation symbol sequence 360 also includesa third modulation symbol (shows as modulation symbols Y) that isseparated by more than the interleaver depth and less than twice theinterleaver depth from the second modulation symbol, X. Modulationsymbol 1 gets included within a first sub-carrier of an OFDM symbol, andmodulation symbol X gets included within a second sub-carrier of theOFDM that is adjacently located to the first sub-carrier. Then,modulation symbol Y gets included within a third sub-carrier of the OFDMsymbol that is adjacently located to the second sub-carrier.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating an example 401 of profile governedcommunications. Device 110 supports communications with device 120 usinga profile 1 that is based on one or more characteristics associated witha pathway 1 between device 110 and 120 at or during a first time, T1. Insome instances, device 110 also supports communications with device 130using a profile 2 that is based on one or more characteristicsassociated with a pathway 2 between device 110 and 130 at or during thefirst time, T1.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating another example 402 of profilegoverned communications. This diagram shows the same devices 110, 120,up to 130 shown within FIG. 4A but at a different, second time, T2.Device 110 supports communications with device 120 using a profile 3that is based on one or more characteristics associated with a pathway 1between device 110 and 120 at or during the second time, T2. Note thatcommunications between device 110 and 120 are made using differentprofiles at different times. Device 110 also supports communicationswith device 130 using the profile 2 that is based on one or morecharacteristics associated with a pathway 2 between device 110 and 130at or during the second time, T2. Note that communications betweendevice 110 and 130 are made using a same or common profile at differenttimes. Device 110 may be implemented to support multi-profilecommunications with one or more recipient devices, such as device 120and 30 adaptively based on one or more considerations. For example,device 110 may operate using a first mode at one time, and the devicemay operate using a second mode at a second time.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating an example 501 of orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency divisionmultiple access (OFDMA). OFDM's modulation may be viewed a dividing upan available spectrum into a plurality of narrowband sub-carriers (e.g.,relatively lower data rate carriers). Typically, the frequency responsesof these sub-carriers are overlapping and orthogonal. Each sub-carriermay be modulated using any of a variety of modulation coding techniques(e.g., as shown by the vertical axis of modulated data) such asdescribed above with respect to FIG. 3B.

FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating another example 502 of OFDM and/orOFDMA. A transmitting device transmits modulation symbols of via thesub-carriers. OFDM and/or OFDMA modulation may operate by performingsimultaneous transmission of a large number of narrowband carriers (ormulti-tones). A guard interval (GI) or guard space is sometimes employedbetween the various OFDM symbols to try to minimize the effects of ISI(Inter-Symbol Interference) that may be caused by the effects ofmulti-path within the communication system, which can be particularly ofconcern in wireless communication systems. In addition, a CP (CyclicPrefix) and/or cyclic suffix (CS) that may be a copy of the CP may alsobe employed within the guard interval to allow switching time, such aswhen jumping to a new communication channel or sub-channel, and to helpmaintain orthogonality of the OFDM and/or OFDMA symbols. Generallyspeaking, an OFDM and/or OFDMA system design is based on the expecteddelay spread within the communication system (e.g., the expected delayspread of the communication channel).

Noise events may affect one or more ranges of frequency (e.g., ΔF1, ΔF2,and so on). These one or more ranges of frequency that are affected bynoise may sometimes unfortunately correspond to one or more sub-carrierswithin an OFDM symbol (e.g., as depicted by noise affected SCs/toneswithin the diagram). Time and/or frequency interleaving can reduce thelikelihood that successive modulation symbols within a modulation symbolsequence are included within adjacently located sub-carriers of an OFDMsymbol. As such, when two or more adjacently located sub-carriers of anOFDM symbol are adversely affected by noise, there is little, if any,likelihood that successive modulation symbols within the modulationsymbol sequence will be adversely affected as well.

FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating another example 503 of OFDM and/orOFDMA. Comparing OFDMA to OFDM, OFDMA is a multi-user version of thepopular orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) digitalmodulation scheme. Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigningsubsets of subcarriers to individual recipient devices for users. Forexample, first sub-carrier(s)/tone(s) may be assigned to a user 1,second sub-carrier(s)/tone(s) may be assigned to a user 2, and so on upto any desired number of users. In addition, such sub-carrier/toneassignment may be dynamic among different respective transmissions(e.g., a first assignment for a first frame, a second assignment forsecond frame, etc.). An OFDMA frame may include more than one OFDMsymbol. Similarly, an OFDMA frame may include more than one OFDMAsymbol. In addition, such sub-carrier/tone assignment may be dynamicamong different respective symbols within a given (e.g., a firstassignment for a first OFDMA symbol within a frame, a second assignmentfor a second OFDMA symbol within the frame, etc.). Generally speaking,and OFDMA symbol is a particular type of OFDM symbol, and generalreference to OFDM symbol herein includes both OFDM and OFDMA symbols.

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example 601 of convolutionalinterleaving and deinterleaving. Modulation symbols are input to theconvolutional interleaver (π) 610 on the left hand side of the diagram.A first modulation symbol is passed directly out to a communicationchannel, a second modulation symbol undergoes a delay of a value of Yand is then passed to the communication channel. This processingcontinues so that each successive modulation symbol is delayed byincreasing amounts of time.

Analogously, a convolutional deinterleaver (π⁻¹) 620 is implemented atthe other end of the communication channel as shown on the right handside of the diagram. The convolutional deinterleaver (π⁻¹) 620 performsthe complementary processing of the convolutional interleaver (π) 610.

A noise event within the communication channel can adversely affectmodulation symbols of various codewords. Interleaving and/ordeinterleaving can operate to perform appropriate shifting within atransmitter communication device and/or a receiver communication device.Interleaving and deinterleaving can reduce the likelihood that asignificant number of contiguous modulation symbols are adverselyaffected during transmission via a noise-affected communication pathway.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating an example 602 of interleaving anddeinterleaving of OFDM or OFDMA symbols. Modulation symbols are input toan interleaver (π) 660 on the left hand side of the diagram to generateone or more OFDM symbols that are transmitted via a communicationchannel to deinterleaver (π⁻¹) 670 as shown on the right hand side ofthe diagram.

Interleaving may be performed such that instead of outputting onemodulation symbol (e.g., based on binary phase shift keying (BPSK)symbols, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbol, 8-phase shiftkeying (PSK) symbols, 16 QAM symbols, etc.) at a time, a number ofmodulation symbols may be output at the same time, simultaneously, or inparallel. For example, a number of modulation symbols (e.g., BPSK, QAM,16 QAM modulation symbols, etc.) may be output at the same time onsub-carriers of one or more OFDM symbols. One or more modulation symbolsmay be transmitted via the one or more sub-carriers of used for OFDMsignaling. A device may be configured to include a processor thatperforms interleaving of modulation symbols, such as within a modulationsymbol sequence, to generate one or more OFDM symbols for transmissionvia one or more communication channels.

Such an interleaving and/or de interleaving structure may be implementedusing any desired number of rows or channels. The number of channels orrows corresponds to the interleaver depth used to generate the one ormore OFDM symbols. Also, the channelized structure used to performinterleaving of a modulation symbol sequence provides that somemodulation symbols from the modulation symbol sequence within adjacentlylocated sub-carriers that are separated by the interleaver depth andother modulation symbols from the modulation symbol sequence withinadjacently located sub-carriers that are separated by more than theinterleaver depth and less than twice the interleaver depth.

When comparing the processing performed within example 602 to theprocessing performed within example 601, note that example 602 does notincludes such a commutator in the interleaver or deinterleaver thatperforms a similar function as in the convolutional interleaver (π) 610or convolutional deinterleaver (π⁻¹) 620. Instead, instead of outputtinga single symbol at a time, all of a number of symbols (e.g., 128 symbolsin one implementation) may all be output at the simultaneously or at thesame time such that they are all transmitted in parallel, and such thateach respective modulation symbol has its own frequency sub-carrier ortone.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating an example 701 of time and/orfrequency interleaving to generate OFDM or OFDMA symbols. A modulationsymbol sequence is partitioned into a number of channels, shown as CH1,CH2, and so on up to CHN. A commutator may be implemented to arrange themodulation symbols of the modulation symbol sequence into the variouschannels. The bottom channel includes no delay element (e.g., bottomchannel is delay-free), and the channel and adjacent to and above thebottom channel includes one delay element. Excluding the bottom channel,each of the other channels includes one more delay element than thechannel and adjacent to and below it. Excluding the bottom channel andthe channel adjacent to and above the bottom channel, two or more delayelements are concatenated within a given channel. The top channelincludes relatively the most delay elements, and the numbercorresponding to one less than the interleaver depth (N) used togenerate the OFDM symbols.

Each channel may also be implemented to include a corresponding serialto parallel (S/P) converter to convert the modulation symbols receivedserially via that channel into parallel format for placement into one ormore sub-carriers of an OFDM symbol (e.g., this implementation includesM sub-carriers for transmission of OFDM symbols). For example,sub-carriers 1 to M/N are used for transmission of modulation symbolsreceived via the top channel. Sub-carriers [M/N]+1 to [(2×M)/N] are usedfor transmission of modulation symbols received via the channel that isadjacent to and below the top channel. The M sub-carriers arepartitioned according to the diagram such that the sub-carriers[((N−1)×M)/N]+1 to M are used for transmission of modulation symbolsreceived via the bottom channel.

An OFDM symbol includes certain modulation symbols from the modulationsymbol sequence. For example, first and second modulation symbols thatare separated by an interleaver depth within the modulation symbolsequence are included within adjacently located sub-carriers within theOFDM symbol. Also, third and fourth modulation symbols that areseparated by more than the interleaver depth and less than twice theinterleaver depth within the modulation symbol sequence are includedwith adjacently located sub-carriers within the OFDM symbol. Note thatthe first and second modulation symbols are not necessarily successivesymbols within the modulation symbol sequence, and the third and fourthmodulation symbols are not necessarily successive symbols within themodulation symbol sequence. Also, the first and second modulationsymbols that are separated by an interleaver depth may be transmittedvia first adjacently located sub-carriers (e.g., first and secondadjacently located sub-carriers), and the third and fourth modulationsymbols that are separated by more than the interleaver depth and lessthan twice the interleaver depth may be transmitted via secondadjacently located sub-carriers (e.g., third and fourth adjacentlylocated sub-carriers that are different than the first and secondadjacently located sub-carriers).

In certain implementations, When an OFDM symbol is generated using thisinterleaving, some of the modulation symbols among at least some of thesub-carriers of the OFDM symbol may be further interleaved to generatean interleaved OFDM symbol. For example, sub-carrier interleaving (asshown by SC interleaver (SC-π) in the diagram) may be performed on anydesired number of the sub-carriers. After an OFDM symbol is firstlygenerated, the sub-carrier assignment of at least some of the modulationsymbols with in the OFDM symbol may be further interleaved to generatean interleaved OFDM symbol. As an example, the modulation symbols of afirst sub-carrier may instead be transmitted via a second sub-carrierafter having undergone sub-carrier interleaving. In some instances,modulation symbols within one or more of the sub-carriers do not undergointerleaving. In such implementations, a modulation symbol sequence mayundergo interleaving firstly performed to generate an OFDM symbol, andthen the sub-carrier assignment within the OFDM symbol may be modifiedby additional interleaving of at least some modulation symbols among atleast some sub-carriers of the OFDM symbol.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating an example 702 of channel processingfor time and/or frequency interleaving to generate OFDM or OFDMAsymbols. This diagram shows the partitioning of the modulation symbolsfrom the modulation sequence into the N channels. In FIG. 7A, amodulation symbol sequence is shown as including modulation symbols 1,2, and so on. In FIG. 7B, modulation symbol 1 is partitioned into CH1,modulation symbol 2 is partitioned into CH2, and so on until modulationsymbol N−1 is partitioned into CH(N−1), and modulation symbol N ispartitioned into CHN. Then, after having reached the total number ofchannels that corresponds to the interleaver depth, N, modulation symbolN+1 is partitioned into CH1, modulation symbol N+2 is partitioned intoCH2, and so on. Note that the number of sub-carriers of an OFDMmodulation symbol, M, may be viewed as corresponding to the product ofN×(N−1) (e.g., N(N−1)).

FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating another example 801 of time and/orfrequency interleaving using an interleaver depth of 4 and 4 channels togenerate OFDM or OFDMA symbols. This example 801 employs an interleaverdepth of 4 and 12 sub-carriers for transmission of an OFDM symbol (e.g.,N=4 and M=12). A modulation symbol sequence is partitioned into 4channels. The bottom channel is delay-free, and the top channel includes3 concatenated delay elements (e.g., include N−1 delay elements, whereN=3). The modulation symbol sequence, shown as including modulationsymbol 1, 2, and so on up to modulation symbols 47, 48, and so on,undergoes processing to generate OFDM symbols.

The modulation symbol sequence includes first and second modulationsymbols (shown as modulation symbol 1 and 5) that are separated by aninterleaver depth, and the modulation symbol sequence also includesthird and fourth modulation symbols (shown as modulation symbols 9 and14) that are separated by more than the interleaver depth and less thantwice the interleaver depth. Considering an example, OFDM symbol #4includes modulation symbol 1 from the modulation symbol sequence withinsub-carrier 12, modulation symbol 5 from the modulation symbol sequencewithin sub-carrier 11, modulation symbol 9 from the modulation symbolsequence within sub-carrier 10, and modulation symbol 14 from themodulation symbol sequence within sub-carrier 9. Modulation symbol 1gets included within a first sub-carrier of OFDM symbol #4 (sub-carrier12), and modulation symbol 5 gets included within a second sub-carrierof the OFDM #4 that is adjacently located to the first sub-carrier(sub-carrier 11). Modulation symbol 9 gets included within a thirdsub-carrier of the OFDM #4 symbol (sub-carrier 10), and modulationsymbol 14 gets included within a fourth sub-carrier of the OFDM that isadjacently located to the third sub-carrier (sub-carrier 9). Note thatmodulation symbols 1 and 5 are separated by the interleaver depth, 4,and are included within adjacently located sub-carriers 12 and 11. Notealso that modulation symbols 9 and 14 from the modulation symbolsequence are separated by more than the interleaver depth and less thantwice the interleaver depth (e.g., they are separated by 5 within themodulation symbol sequence) and are included with adjacently locatedsub-carriers 9 and 8. Also, note that modulation symbols 14 and 18 areseparated by the interleaver depth, 4, and are included withinadjacently located sub-carriers 9 and 8. Note also that modulationsymbols 22 and 27 are separated by more than the interleaver depth, 5,and are included within adjacently located sub-carriers 7 and 6.

Considering another example, symbol #3 includes modulation symbol 2 fromthe modulation symbol sequence within sub-carrier 9, modulation symbol 6from the modulation symbol sequence within sub-carrier 8, modulationsymbol 10 from the modulation symbol sequence within sub-carrier 7, andmodulation symbol 15 from the modulation symbol sequence withinsub-carrier 6. Note that modulation symbols 2 and 6 are separated by theinterleaver depth, 4, and are included within adjacently locatedsub-carriers 9 and 8. Note also that modulation symbols 10 and 15 fromthe modulation symbol sequence are separated by more than theinterleaver depth and less than twice the interleaver depth (e.g., theyare separated by 5 within the modulation symbol sequence) and areincluded with adjacently located sub-carriers 7 and 6. Also, note thatmodulation symbols 15 and 19 are separated by the interleaver depth, 4,and are included within adjacently located sub-carriers 6 and 5. Notealso that modulation symbols 19 and 23 are separated by more than theinterleaver depth, 5, and are included within adjacently locatedsub-carriers 5 and 4.

The channelization structure employed to interleave the modulationsymbol sequence to generate an OFDM symbol provides that some of themodulation symbols of the modulation symbol sequence that are separatedby the interleaver depth are included within adjacently locatedsub-carriers, while other of the modulation symbols of the modulationsymbol sequence that are separated by more than the interleaver depthare also included with adjacently located sub-carriers. Modulationsymbols that are separated by more than the interleaver depth areincluded within adjacently located sub-carriers of an OFDM symbol.Across the entirety of an OFDM symbol, modulation symbols withinadjacently located sub-carriers are separated by the interleaver depthor more than the interleaver depth.

FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating an example 802 of channel processingusing 4 channels for time and/or frequency interleaving to generate OFDMor OFDMA symbols. This diagram shows the partitioning of the modulationsymbols from the modulation sequence into the 4 channels. In FIG. 8A, amodulation symbol sequence is shown as including modulation symbols 1,2, and so on up to modulation symbols 47, 48, and so on. In FIG. 8B,modulation symbol 1 is partitioned into the top channel, modulationsymbol 2 is partitioned into the channel adjacent to and below the topchannel, modulation symbol 3 is partitioned into the channel adjacent toand above the bottom channel, and modulation symbol 4 is partitionedinto the bottom channel. This process continues with modulation symbol5, 6, and so on.

Note that the time and/or frequency interleaving and/or deinterleavingdescribed herein may be performed in combination with any desiredimplementation of variable bit loading of modulation symbols asdescribed herein.

FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method 901 forexecution by one or more communication devices. The method 901 begins byprocessing one or more bits to generate a modulation symbol sequence(block 910). The modulation symbol sequence that includes first, second,third, and fourth modulation symbols, and the modulation symbol sequenceincludes a variable bit loading of at least some modulation symbolstherein.

Within the modulation symbol sequence, first and second modulationsymbols are separated by an interleaver depth, N (block 912), and thirdand fourth modulation symbols are separated by more than the interleaverdepth, N, and less than twice the interleaver depth, 2×N (block 914).

The method 901 then continues by interleaving the modulation symbolsequence to generate an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) symbol (block 920). The OFDM symbols includes the firstmodulation symbol within a first sub-carrier, the second modulationsymbol within a second sub-carrier that is located adjacently to thefirst sub-carrier (block 922). Also, the OFDM symbol includes the thirdmodulation symbol within a third sub-carrier, and the fourth modulationsymbol within a fourth sub-carrier that is located adjacently to thethird sub-carrier (block 924). Some modulation symbols from themodulation symbol sequence that are separated by the interleaver depthare included within adjacently located sub-carriers within the OFDMsymbol. Other modulation symbols from the modulation symbol sequencethat are separated by the more than the interleaver depth are alsoincluded within adjacently located sub-carriers within the OFDM symbol.

The method 901 then operates by transmitting the OFDM symbol (e.g., viaa communication interface of a communication device) (block 930).

FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a 902 method forexecution by one or more communication devices. The method 902 begins byprocessing one or more bits to generate a first modulation symbol withfirst bit loading (e.g., that includes a first number of bits persymbol) and a second modulation symbol with second bit loading (e.g.,that includes a second number of bits per symbol) (block 905). Themethod 902 then continuous by generating an OFDM symbol that includesthe first and second modulation symbols within one or more sub-carriers(block 911). The method 902 then operates by interleaving at least somemodulation symbols among at least some sub-carriers of the OFDM symbolto generate an interleaved OFDM symbol (block 921). Some or all of themodulation symbols may be interleaved among the sub-carriers of the OFDMsymbol. In some instances, one or more of the modulation symbols remainswithin the same one or more sub-carriers after this stage ofinterleaving.

The method 902 then operates by transmitting the interleaved OFDM symbol(e.g., via a communication interface of a communication device) (block931).

FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method 1001for execution by one or more communication devices. The method 1001begins by selecting a first profile that specifies a first variable bitloading and/or interleaving (block 1010). The method 1001 continues bygenerating first one or more OFDM or OFDMA symbols using the firstprofile (block 1020). The first profile may specify a first interleaverdepth, a first number of sub-carriers, a first bit loading, etc. Themethod 1001 then operates by monitoring one or more local, remote,environmental, and/or other conditions (block 1030).

When no changes of condition is detected (decision block 1040), themethod 1001 ends. Alternatively, when one or more changes of one or moreconditions is detected (decision block 1040), the method 1001 continuesby selecting a second profile that specifies a second variable bitloading and/or interleaving (block 1050). The second profile may specifya second interleaver depth, a second number of sub-carriers, a secondbit loading, etc. The method 1001 then operates by generating second oneor more OFDM or OFDMA symbols using the second profile (block 1060).

FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method 1002for execution by one or more communication devices. The method 1002begins by selecting a first profile that specifies a first variable bitloading and/or interleaving for communications associated with a firstcommunication device (block 1011). The method 1002 also operates byselecting a second profile that specifies a second variable bit loadingand/or interleaving for communications associated with a secondcommunication device (block 1021).

The method 1002 continues by generating first one or more OFDM or OFDMAsymbols using the first profile (block 1031). The method 1001 alsooperates by generating second one or more OFDM or OFDMA symbols usingthe second profile (block 1041).

The method 1002 then operates by transmitting the first one or more OFDMor OFDMA symbols to the first communication device (e.g., via acommunication interface of a communication device) (block 1051). Themethod 1002 then operates by transmitting the second one or more OFDM orOFDMA symbols to the second communication device (e.g., via thecommunication interface of a communication device) (block 1061).

As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately”provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding termand/or relativity between items. Such an industry-accepted toleranceranges from less than one percent to fifty percent and corresponds to,but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit processvariations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermalnoise. Such relativity between items ranges from a difference of a fewpercent to magnitude differences. As may also be used herein, theterm(s) “configured to”, “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or“coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirectcoupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes,but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or amodule) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening itemdoes not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its currentlevel, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein,inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another elementby inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items inthe same manner as “coupled to”. As may even further be used herein, theterm “configured to”, “operable to”, “coupled to”, or “operably coupledto” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections,input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more itscorresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to oneor more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term“associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separateitems and/or one item being embedded within another item.

As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that acomparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desiredrelationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may beachieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1.

As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “processingcircuit”, “processor”, and/or “processing unit” may be a singleprocessing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such aprocessing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digitalsignal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, fieldprogrammable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logiccircuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device thatmanipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of thecircuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module,module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit may be, or furtherinclude, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be asingle memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embeddedcircuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit,and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory,random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, staticmemory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any devicethat stores digital information. Note that if the processing module,module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit includes more thanone processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located(e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless busstructure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing viaindirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network).Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit,and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via astate machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logiccircuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the correspondingoperational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, thecircuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digitalcircuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memoryelement may store, and the processing module, module, processingcircuit, and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operationalinstructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/orfunctions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memorydevice or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.

One or more embodiments of an invention have been described above withthe aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specifiedfunctions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence ofthese functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarilydefined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries andsequences can be defined so long as the specified functions andrelationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundariesor sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims.Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have beenarbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundariescould be defined as long as the certain significant functions areappropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also havebeen arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significantfunctionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries andsequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certainsignificant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functionalbuilding blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus withinthe scope and spirit of the claimed invention. One of average skill inthe art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, andother illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can beimplemented as illustrated or by discrete components, applicationspecific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate softwareand the like or any combination thereof.

The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or moreaspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or moreexamples of the invention. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, anarticle of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include oneor more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. describedwith reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein.Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the sameor similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the sameor different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps,modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc.or different ones.

Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/orbetween elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein maybe analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-endedor differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as asingle-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path.Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it alsorepresents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particulararchitectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise beimplemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, directconnectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between otherelements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.

The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of theembodiments. A module includes a processing module, a processor, afunctional block, hardware, and/or memory that stores operationalinstructions for performing one or more functions as may be describedherein. Note that, if the module is implemented via hardware, thehardware may operate independently and/or in conjunction with softwareand/or firmware. As also used herein, a module may contain one or moresub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.

While particular combinations of various functions and features of theone or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, othercombinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. Thepresent disclosure of an invention is not limited by the particularexamples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these othercombinations.

What is claimed is:
 1. A communication device comprising: a processorconfigured to: process a plurality of bits to generate a modulationsymbol sequence based on one or more profiles that specify variable bitloading of bits per symbol over at least some modulation symbols of themodulation symbol sequence, wherein the modulation sequence includesfirst, second, third and fourth modulation symbols, and wherein thefirst and second modulation symbols are separated by an interleaverdepth within the modulation symbol sequence, and wherein the third andfourth modulation symbols are separated by more than the interleaverdepth and less than twice the interleaver depth within the modulationsymbol sequence; and interleave the modulation symbol sequence togenerate an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbolthat includes the first modulation symbol within a first sub-carrier,the second modulation symbol within a second sub-carrier that is locatedadjacently to the first sub-carrier, the third modulation symbol withina third sub-carrier, and the fourth modulation symbol within a fourthsub-carrier that is located adjacently to the third sub-carrier; and acommunication interface configured to transmit the OFDM symbol.
 2. Thecommunication device of claim 1 further comprising: the processorconfigured to interleave the modulation symbol sequence to generate theOFDM symbol as an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)symbol, wherein the first modulation symbol within the first sub-carrierof the OFDMA symbol includes first information for a first othercommunication device and the second modulation symbol within the secondsub-carrier of the OFDMA symbol includes second information for a secondother communication device; and the communication interface configuredto transmit the OFDMA symbol to the first and second other communicationdevices.
 3. The communication device of claim 1 further comprising: theprocessor configured to: process the plurality of bits to generate thefirst modulation symbol of the modulation symbol sequence using a firstprofile that is based on at least one characteristic of a firstcommunication pathway between the communication device and a first othercommunication device and to generate the second modulation symbol of themodulation symbol sequence using a second profile that is based on atleast one characteristic of a second communication pathway between thecommunication device and a second other communication device; andinterleave the modulation symbol sequence to generate the OFDM symbol asan orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) symbol; and thecommunication interface configured to transmit the OFDMA symbol to thefirst and second other communication devices.
 4. The communicationdevice of claim 1 further comprising: the processor configured toprocess the plurality of bits to generate the modulation symbol sequencethat includes a first one or more modulation symbols based on a firstnumber of bits per symbol and a second one or more modulation symbolsbased on a second number of bits per symbol.
 5. The communication deviceof claim 1 further comprising: the processor configured to process theplurality of bits to generate the modulation symbol sequence thatincludes a first contiguous subset of the modulation symbols based on afirst number of bits per symbol followed by a second contiguous subsetof the modulation symbols based on a second number of bits per symbol.6. The communication device of claim 1 further comprising: the processorconfigured to interleave at least some sub-carriers of the OFDM symbolto generate an interleaved OFDM symbol that includes the firstmodulation symbol within a fifth sub-carrier, the second modulationsymbol within a sixth sub-carrier, the third modulation symbol within aseventh sub-carrier, and the fourth modulation symbol within an eightsub-carrier; and the communication interface configured to transmit theinterleaved OFDM symbol.
 7. The communication device of claim 1 furthercomprising: a cable modem; and the communication interface configured totransmit the OFDM symbol to a cable headend transmitter or a cable modemtermination system (CMTS).
 8. The communication device of claim 1further comprising: the communication interface configured to supportcommunications within at least one of a satellite communication system,a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, afiber-optic communication system, and a mobile communication system. 9.A communication device comprising: a processor configured to: process aplurality of bits to generate a modulation symbol sequence based on oneor more profiles that specify variable bit loading of bits per symbolover at least some modulation symbols of the modulation symbol sequence,wherein: the modulation sequence includes a first contiguous subset ofthe modulation symbols based on a first number of bits per symbolfollowed by a second contiguous subset of the modulation symbols basedon a second number of bits per symbol; the modulation sequence includesfirst, second, third and fourth modulation symbols, and wherein thefirst and second modulation symbols are separated by an interleaverdepth within the modulation symbol sequence; and the third and fourthmodulation symbols are separated by more than the interleaver depth andless than twice the interleaver depth within the modulation symbolsequence; and interleave the modulation symbol sequence to generate anorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol that includesthe first modulation symbol within a first sub-carrier, the secondmodulation symbol within a second sub-carrier that is located adjacentlyto the first sub-carrier, the third modulation symbol within a thirdsub-carrier, and the fourth modulation symbol within a fourthsub-carrier that is located adjacently to the third sub-carrier; andinterleave at least some sub-carriers of the OFDM symbol to generate aninterleaved OFDM symbol that includes the first modulation symbol withina fifth sub-carrier, the second modulation symbol within a sixthsub-carrier, the third modulation symbol within a seventh sub-carrier,and the fourth modulation symbol within an eight sub-carrier; and acommunication interface configured to transmit the OFDM symbol.
 10. Thecommunication device of claim 9 further comprising: the processorconfigured to interleave the modulation symbol sequence to generate theOFDM symbol as an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)symbol, wherein the first modulation symbol within the first sub-carrierof the OFDMA symbol includes first information for a first othercommunication device and the second modulation symbol within the secondsub-carrier of the OFDMA symbol includes second information for a secondother communication device; and the communication interface configuredto transmit the OFDMA symbol to the first and second other communicationdevices.
 11. The communication device of claim 9 further comprising: theprocessor configured to process the plurality of bits to generate themodulation symbol sequence that includes a first one or more modulationsymbols based on a first number of bits per symbol and a second one ormore modulation symbols based on a second number of bits per symbol. 12.The communication device of claim 8 further comprising: a cable modem;and the communication interface configured to transmit the OFDM symbolto a cable headend transmitter or a cable modem termination system(CMTS).
 13. The communication device of claim 9 further comprising: thecommunication interface configured to support communications within atleast one of a satellite communication system, a wireless communicationsystem, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communicationsystem, and a mobile communication system.
 14. A method for execution bya communication device, the method comprising: processing a plurality ofbits to generate a modulation symbol sequence based on one or moreprofiles that specify variable bit loading of bits per symbol over atleast some modulation symbols of the modulation symbol sequence, whereinthe modulation sequence includes first, second, third and fourthmodulation symbols, and wherein the first and second modulation symbolsare separated by an interleaver depth within the modulation symbolsequence, and wherein the third and fourth modulation symbols areseparated by more than the interleaver depth and less than twice theinterleaver depth within the modulation symbol sequence; andinterleaving the modulation symbol sequence to generate an orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol that includes the firstmodulation symbol within a first sub-carrier, the second modulationsymbol within a second sub-carrier that is located adjacently to thefirst sub-carrier, the third modulation symbol within a thirdsub-carrier, and the fourth modulation symbol within a fourthsub-carrier that is located adjacently to the third sub-carrier; andtransmitting the OFDM symbol via a communication interface of thecommunication device.
 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising:interleaving the modulation symbol sequence to generate the OFDM symbolas an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) symbol,wherein the first modulation symbol within the first sub-carrier of theOFDMA symbol includes first information for a first other communicationdevice and the second modulation symbol within the second sub-carrier ofthe OFDMA symbol includes second information for a second othercommunication device; and transmitting the OFDMA symbol to the first andsecond other communication devices.
 16. The method of claim 14 furthercomprising: processing the plurality of bits to generate the firstmodulation symbol of the modulation symbol sequence using a firstprofile that is based on at least one characteristic of a firstcommunication pathway between the communication device and a first othercommunication device and to generate the second modulation symbol of themodulation symbol sequence using a second profile that is based on atleast one characteristic of a second communication pathway between thecommunication device and a second other communication device; andinterleaving the modulation symbol sequence to generate the OFDM symbolas an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) symbol; andtransmitting the OFDMA symbol to the first and second othercommunication devices.
 17. The method of claim 14 further comprising:processing the plurality of bits to generate the modulation symbolsequence that includes a first one or more modulation symbols based on afirst number of bits per symbol and a second one or more modulationsymbols based on a second number of bits per symbol.
 18. The method ofclaim 14 further comprising: interleaving at least some sub-carriers ofthe OFDM symbol to generate an interleaved OFDM symbol that includes thefirst modulation symbol within a fifth sub-carrier, the secondmodulation symbol within a sixth sub-carrier, the third modulationsymbol within a seventh sub-carrier, and the fourth modulation symbolwithin an eight sub-carrier; and transmitting the interleaved OFDMsymbol via the communication interface of the communication device. 19.The method of claim 14, wherein the communication device is a cablemodem, and further comprising: transmitting the OFDM symbol to a cableheadend transmitter or a cable modem termination system (CMTS).
 20. Themethod of claim 14 further comprising: operating the communicationinterface of the communication device to support communications withinat least one of a satellite communication system, a wirelesscommunication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-opticcommunication system, and a mobile communication system.